51. RigidBodyControl

RigidBodyControl can either be static or dynamic, depending on mass.

---

The camera is moved and rotated, so it as y = 20, pointing to origin.

        // *** 1. Start (Camera +y looking down y)
        cam.setAxes(new Vector3f(-1,0,0), // left
                new Vector3f(0,0,-1), // up
                new Vector3f(0,-1,0));  // dir
        cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(0,20,0)); // above ground
        cam.update();
        // *** 1. End

---

The Application has to use BulletAppState object to enable physics.

        // *** 2. Start (Set Physics)
        bulletAppState = new BulletAppState();
        stateManager.attach(bulletAppState);
        // *** 2. End

---

The floor is a static Box mesh object.

        // *** 3. Start (Floor)
        Box bFloor = new Box(5, 1, 5);
        Geometry geomFloor = new Geometry("Floor", bFloor);
        Material matFloor = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matFloor.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geomFloor.setMaterial(matFloor);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomFloor);
        RigidBodyControl floorPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomFloor.addControl(floorPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(floorPhy);
        // *** 3. End

---

The North Wall is also a static Box mesh object.

        // *** 4. Start (North Wall)
        Box bWallN = new Box(5, 1, 1);
        Geometry geomWallN = new Geometry("WallN", bWallN);
        Material matWallN = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallN.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geomWallN.setLocalTranslation(0, 1, -6);
        geomWallN.setMaterial(matWallN);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallN);
        RigidBodyControl wallNPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallN.addControl(wallNPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallNPhy);
        // *** 4. End

---

The South Wall is also a static Box mesh object.

        // *** 5. Start (South Wall)
        Box bWallS = new Box(5, 1, 1);
        Geometry geomWallS = new Geometry("WallS", bWallS);
        Material matWallS = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallS.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Yellow);
        geomWallS.setLocalTranslation(0, 1, 6);
        geomWallS.setMaterial(matWallS);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallS);
        RigidBodyControl wallSPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallS.addControl(wallSPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallSPhy);
        // *** 5. End

---

The Worth Wall is also a static Box mesh object.

        // *** 6. Start (West Wall)
        Box bWallW = new Box(1, 1, 5);
        Geometry geomWallW = new Geometry("WallW", bWallW);
        Material matWallW = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallW.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        geomWallW.setLocalTranslation(-6, 1, 0);
        geomWallW.setMaterial(matWallW);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallW);
        RigidBodyControl wallWPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallW.addControl(wallWPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallWPhy);
        // *** 6. End

---

Finally, the East Wall is also a static Box mesh object.

        // *** 7. Start (East Wall)
        Box bWallE = new Box(1, 1, 5);
        Geometry geomWallE = new Geometry("WallE", bWallE);
        Material matWallE = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallE.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Magenta);
        geomWallE.setLocalTranslation(6, 1, 0);
        geomWallE.setMaterial(matWallE);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallE);
        RigidBodyControl wallEPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallE.addControl(wallEPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallEPhy);
        // *** 7. End

---

ball1 is a Sphere mesh object and is a BetterCharacterControl object.

        // *** 8. Start (ball1 - Player)
        Sphere ball1 = new Sphere (16,16,0.5f);
        geomBall1 = new Geometry("ball1", ball1);
        Material matBall1 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matBall1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Cyan);
        geomBall1.setLocalTranslation(0, 2, 0);
        geomBall1.setMaterial(matBall1);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomBall1);
        ball1Phy = new BetterCharacterControl(0.5f,5f,30f);
        geomBall1.addControl(ball1Phy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(ball1Phy);
        // *** 8. End

---

ball2 is a Sphere mesh object. It is RigidBodyControl with nonzero mass.

        // *** 9. Start (ball2 - Can move)
        Sphere ball2 = new Sphere (16,16,0.5f);
        Geometry geomBall2 = new Geometry("ball2", ball2);
        Material matBall2 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matBall2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Orange);
        geomBall2.setLocalTranslation(2, 2, 1.5f);
        geomBall2.setMaterial(matBall2);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomBall2);
        RigidBodyControl ball2Phy = new RigidBodyControl(1);
        geomBall2.addControl(ball2Phy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(ball2Phy);
        // *** 9. End

---

ball3 is a Sphere mesh object. It is RigidBodyControl with nonzero mass.

        // *** 10. Start (ball2 - Can move)
        Sphere ball3 = new Sphere (16,16,0.5f);
        Geometry geomBall3 = new Geometry("ball3", ball3);
        Material matBall3 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matBall3.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Pink);
        geomBall3.setLocalTranslation(-2, 2, -1.5f);
        geomBall3.setMaterial(matBall3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomBall3);
        RigidBodyControl ball3Phy = new RigidBodyControl(1);
        geomBall3.addControl(ball3Phy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(ball3Phy);
        // *** 10. End

---

// JMonkey51.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.bullet.BulletAppState;
import com.jme3.bullet.control.BetterCharacterControl;
import com.jme3.bullet.control.RigidBodyControl;
import com.jme3.input.KeyInput;
import com.jme3.input.controls.ActionListener;
import com.jme3.input.controls.KeyTrigger;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.renderer.RenderManager;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Box;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Sphere;

public class JMonkey51 extends SimpleApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JMonkey51 app = new JMonkey51();
        app.start();
    }
    
    Geometry geomBall1; // Player Geometry
    private BulletAppState bulletAppState; // Physics
    private BetterCharacterControl ball1Phy; // Player
    private Vector3f walkDirection = new Vector3f();
    private boolean left = false,
          right = false, up = false, down = false;

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        flyCam.setEnabled(false);
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.LightGray);
        setDisplayFps(false);
        setDisplayStatView(false);
        
        // *** 1. Start (Camera +y looking down y)
        cam.setAxes(new Vector3f(-1,0,0), // left
                new Vector3f(0,0,-1), // up
                new Vector3f(0,-1,0));  // dir
        cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(0,20,0)); // above ground
        cam.update();
        // *** 1. End
     
        // *** 2. Start (Set Physics)
        bulletAppState = new BulletAppState();
        stateManager.attach(bulletAppState);
        // *** 2. End
        
        // *** 3. Start (Floor)
        Box bFloor = new Box(5, 1, 5);
        Geometry geomFloor = new Geometry("Floor", bFloor);
        Material matFloor = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matFloor.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geomFloor.setMaterial(matFloor);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomFloor);
        RigidBodyControl floorPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomFloor.addControl(floorPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(floorPhy);
        // *** 3. End
        
        // *** 4. Start (North Wall)
        Box bWallN = new Box(5, 1, 1);
        Geometry geomWallN = new Geometry("WallN", bWallN);
        Material matWallN = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallN.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geomWallN.setLocalTranslation(0, 1, -6);
        geomWallN.setMaterial(matWallN);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallN);
        RigidBodyControl wallNPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallN.addControl(wallNPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallNPhy);
        // *** 4. End
        
        // *** 5. Start (South Wall)
        Box bWallS = new Box(5, 1, 1);
        Geometry geomWallS = new Geometry("WallS", bWallS);
        Material matWallS = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallS.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Yellow);
        geomWallS.setLocalTranslation(0, 1, 6);
        geomWallS.setMaterial(matWallS);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallS);
        RigidBodyControl wallSPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallS.addControl(wallSPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallSPhy);
        // *** 5. End
        
        // *** 6. Start (West Wall)
        Box bWallW = new Box(1, 1, 5);
        Geometry geomWallW = new Geometry("WallW", bWallW);
        Material matWallW = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallW.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        geomWallW.setLocalTranslation(-6, 1, 0);
        geomWallW.setMaterial(matWallW);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallW);
        RigidBodyControl wallWPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallW.addControl(wallWPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallWPhy);
        // *** 6. End
        
        // *** 7. Start (East Wall)
        Box bWallE = new Box(1, 1, 5);
        Geometry geomWallE = new Geometry("WallE", bWallE);
        Material matWallE = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matWallE.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Magenta);
        geomWallE.setLocalTranslation(6, 1, 0);
        geomWallE.setMaterial(matWallE);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomWallE);
        RigidBodyControl wallEPhy = new RigidBodyControl(0.0f);
        geomWallE.addControl(wallEPhy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(wallEPhy);
        // *** 7. End
        
        // *** 8. Start (ball1 - Player)
        Sphere ball1 = new Sphere (16,16,0.5f);
        geomBall1 = new Geometry("ball1", ball1);
        Material matBall1 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matBall1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Cyan);
        geomBall1.setLocalTranslation(0, 2, 0);
        geomBall1.setMaterial(matBall1);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomBall1);
        ball1Phy = new BetterCharacterControl(0.5f,5f,30f);
        geomBall1.addControl(ball1Phy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(ball1Phy);
        // *** 8. End
        
        // *** 9. Start (ball2 - Can move)
        Sphere ball2 = new Sphere (16,16,0.5f);
        Geometry geomBall2 = new Geometry("ball2", ball2);
        Material matBall2 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matBall2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Orange);
        geomBall2.setLocalTranslation(2, 2, 1.5f);
        geomBall2.setMaterial(matBall2);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomBall2);
        RigidBodyControl ball2Phy = new RigidBodyControl(1);
        geomBall2.addControl(ball2Phy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(ball2Phy);
        // *** 9. End
        
        // *** 10. Start (ball2 - Can move)
        Sphere ball3 = new Sphere (16,16,0.5f);
        Geometry geomBall3 = new Geometry("ball3", ball3);
        Material matBall3 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matBall3.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Pink);
        geomBall3.setLocalTranslation(-2, 2, -1.5f);
        geomBall3.setMaterial(matBall3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geomBall3);
        RigidBodyControl ball3Phy = new RigidBodyControl(1);
        geomBall3.addControl(ball3Phy);
        bulletAppState.getPhysicsSpace().add(ball3Phy);
        // *** 10. End
        
        setupKeys();
    }
    
    private void setupKeys() {
        inputManager.addMapping("Left",
                new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_LEFT));
        inputManager.addMapping("Right",
                new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_RIGHT));
        inputManager.addMapping("Up",
                new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_UP));
        inputManager.addMapping("Down",
                new KeyTrigger(KeyInput.KEY_DOWN));
        inputManager.addListener(actionListener,
                "Left","Right","Up","Down");
    }
    
    private ActionListener actionListener = new ActionListener() {
        public void onAction(String binding, boolean isPressed, float tpf) {
            if (binding.equals("Left")) {
                left = isPressed;
            } else if (binding.equals("Right")) {
                right= isPressed;
            } else if (binding.equals("Up")) {
                up = isPressed;
            } else if (binding.equals("Down")) {
                down = isPressed;
            }
        }
    };
    
    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
        walkDirection.set(0, 0, 0);
        if (left) {
            walkDirection.addLocal(-10f,0,0);
        } else if (right) {
            walkDirection.addLocal(10f,0,0);
        }
        if (up) {
            walkDirection.addLocal(0,0,-10f);
        } else if (down) {
            walkDirection.addLocal(0,0,+10f);
        }
        ball1Phy.setWalkDirection(walkDirection);
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleRender(RenderManager rm) {
    }
}

---

Output:

50. Positional Audio

Positional audio changes as the player approaches or goes away from the source.

---

The audio source is a high blue box. This is only a visual representation and actual audio node is created later.

        // *** 1. Start (High Blue Box, Source of Sound)
        Box b = new Box(.1f, 1f, .1f);
        geomSource = new Geometry("Source", b);
        Material mat = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geomSource.setMaterial(mat);
        geomSource.setLocalTranslation(new Vector3f(-1.5f,0,0));
        rootNode.attachChild(geomSource);
        // *** 1. End

---

The player is oval shaped with arrow controls, defined next.

        // *** 2. Start (Listener is Red oval shaped)
        Sphere sphere = new Sphere(16,16,.1f);
        geomListener = new Geometry("Listener",sphere);
        Material mat1 = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geomListener.setMaterial(mat1);
        geomListener.setLocalTranslation(3,0,0);
        geomListener.setLocalScale(new Vector3f(1,10,1));
        rootNode.attachChild(geomListener);
        // *** 2. End

---

The arrow keys are mapped.

        // *** 3. Start (arrows for left and right)
        inputManager.addMapping("Left", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_LEFT));
        inputManager.addMapping("Right", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_RIGHT));
        inputManager.addMapping("Up", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_UP));
        inputManager.addMapping("Down", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_DOWN));
        inputManager.addListener(analogListener,
                "Left", "Right", "Up", "Down");
        // *** 3. End

---

The arrow callbacks update the oval position.

        // *** 4. Start (move left or right)
        public void onAnalog(String name, 
                float value, float tpf) {
            if (name.equals("Left")) {
                geomListener.move(-.01f, 0, 0);
            } else if (name.equals("Right")) {
                geomListener.move(.01f, 0, 0);
            } else if (name.equals("Up")) {
                geomListener.move(0, .01f, 0);
            } else if (name.equals("Down")) {
                geomListener.move(0, -.01f, 0);
            }
        }
        // *** 4. End

---

The audio is set as positional, loaded into memory (should be small audio samples), otherwise we should stream. We should set RefDistance and MaxDistance. For ambient background audio, etc. we will not set is as positional or give the two distance values.

        // *** 5. Start (Positional Audio)
        bark = new AudioNode(assetManager,
                "Sounds/Dog/bark.wav");
        bark.setPositional(true);
        bark.setRefDistance(.03f);  // 50% volume distance
        bark.setMaxDistance(3f);    // Steady volume distance
        bark.setVolume(2);          // Initial volume
        bark.setLooping(true);      // continuous
        bark.setLocalTranslation(
                geomSource.getLocalTranslation());
        rootNode.attachChild(bark);
        bark.play();               
        // *** 5. End

---

For positional audio, the listener position must be updated.

        // *** 6. Start (status + new audio listener loc)
        // listener is protected variable of SimpleApplication
        dist = geomListener.getLocalTranslation().
                distance(geomSource.getLocalTranslation());
        System.out.println("Distance: " + dist);
        if (dist>3||dist<-3) System.out.println("--Steady");
        else System.out.println("--Changing");
        listener.setLocation(
                geomListener.getLocalTranslation());
        // *** 6. End

---

// JMonkey50.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.audio.AudioNode;
import com.jme3.input.KeyInput;
import com.jme3.input.controls.AnalogListener;
import com.jme3.input.controls.KeyTrigger;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Box;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Sphere;
import com.jme3.system.AppSettings;

public class JMonkey50 extends SimpleApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        AppSettings settings = new AppSettings(true);
        settings.setFrameRate(60);
        settings.setTitle("Positional Audio!");
        JMonkey50 app = new JMonkey50();
        app.setSettings(settings);
        app.start();
    }
    
    private AudioNode bark;
    private Geometry geomListener;
    private Geometry geomSource;

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.White);
        setDisplayFps(false);
        setDisplayStatView(false);
        cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(-2,0,10)); // move camera left
        flyCam.setEnabled(false);
        
        // *** 1. Start (High Blue Box, Source of Sound)
        Box b = new Box(.1f, 1f, .1f);
        geomSource = new Geometry("Source", b);
        Material mat = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geomSource.setMaterial(mat);
        geomSource.setLocalTranslation(new Vector3f(-1.5f,0,0));
        rootNode.attachChild(geomSource);
        // *** 1. End

        // *** 2. Start (Listener is Red oval shaped)
        Sphere sphere = new Sphere(16,16,.1f);
        geomListener = new Geometry("Listener",sphere);
        Material mat1 = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geomListener.setMaterial(mat1);
        geomListener.setLocalTranslation(3,0,0);
        geomListener.setLocalScale(new Vector3f(1,10,1));
        rootNode.attachChild(geomListener);
        // *** 2. End
        
        initKeys(); // initialize 4 arrows
        initAudio(); // initialize positional audio
    }
    
    private void initKeys() {
        // *** 3. Start (arrows for left and right)
        inputManager.addMapping("Left", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_LEFT));
        inputManager.addMapping("Right", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_RIGHT));
        inputManager.addMapping("Up", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_UP));
        inputManager.addMapping("Down", new KeyTrigger(
                KeyInput.KEY_DOWN));
        inputManager.addListener(analogListener,
                "Left", "Right", "Up", "Down");
        // *** 3. End
    }
 
    private AnalogListener analogListener = 
            new AnalogListener() {
        // *** 4. Start (move left or right)
        public void onAnalog(String name, 
                float value, float tpf) {
            if (name.equals("Left")) {
                geomListener.move(-.01f, 0, 0);
            } else if (name.equals("Right")) {
                geomListener.move(.01f, 0, 0);
            } else if (name.equals("Up")) {
                geomListener.move(0, .01f, 0);
            } else if (name.equals("Down")) {
                geomListener.move(0, -.01f, 0);
            }
        }
        // *** 4. End
    };
    
 
    private void initAudio() {
        // *** 5. Start (Positional Audio)
        bark = new AudioNode(assetManager,
                "Sounds/Dog/bark.wav");
        bark.setPositional(true);
        bark.setRefDistance(.03f);  // 50% volume distance
        bark.setMaxDistance(3f);    // Steady volume distance
        bark.setVolume(2);          // Initial volume
        bark.setLooping(true);      // continuous
        bark.setLocalTranslation(
                geomSource.getLocalTranslation());
        rootNode.attachChild(bark);
        bark.play();               
        // *** 5. End
    }
    
    float dist;

    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
        // *** 6. Start (status + new audio listener loc)
        // listener is protected variable of SimpleApplication
        dist = geomListener.getLocalTranslation().
                distance(geomSource.getLocalTranslation());
        System.out.println("Distance: " + dist);
        if (dist>3||dist<-3) System.out.println("--Steady");
        else System.out.println("--Changing");
        listener.setLocation(
                geomListener.getLocalTranslation());
        // *** 6. End
    }
}

---

Output:

49. Sine terrain

A sum of sine waves, in 2D directions, will control the terrain height in the 3rd dimension, here.

---

The variable heightmap is a float array of size 512 by 512. The for loops are used to initialize it.

        // *** 1. Start (variables)
        final int IMG_SIZE = 512;
        float[] heightmap = new float[IMG_SIZE*IMG_SIZE];
        int i,j; // x,y
        final int NX = 400; // periods in x
        final int NY = 300; // and y
        float valx,valy; // x,y contributions
        // *** 1. End

---

First, we can find valx, which is the first sine contribution.

        // *** 2. Start (valx)
        for (i = 0; i<IMG_SIZE; i++) {
            valx = 127.5f*FastMath.sin(2*PI*i/NX)+127.5f;
        // *** 2. End

---

In the inner for loop, we find valy, which is the second sine contribution.

            // *** 3. Start (valy)
            for (j = 0; j<IMG_SIZE; j++) {
                valy = 127.5f*FastMath.sin(2*PI*j/NY)+127.5f;
            // *** 3. End

---

For the heightmap initialization, the 2 dimensions are mapped to 1 dimension, and a linear combination of valx and valy is used.

                // *** 4. Start (heightmap)
                heightmap[i+j*IMG_SIZE] = (0.25f*valx +
                        0.75f*valy);
                // *** 4. End

---

// JMonkey49.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.FastMath;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.renderer.RenderManager;
import com.jme3.terrain.geomipmap.TerrainQuad;
import com.jme3.texture.Texture;

public class JMonkey49 extends SimpleApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JMonkey49 app = new JMonkey49();
        app.start();
    }
    
    private TerrainQuad terrain;
    Material materialTerrain;
    final float PI = FastMath.PI;

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.LightGray);
        setDisplayFps(false);
        setDisplayStatView(false);
        flyCam.setMoveSpeed(50); // fast camera
        
        // Terrain
        materialTerrain = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Terrain/Terrain.j3md");
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Alpha", assetManager.
                loadTexture("Textures/Ex49/redgreenblue.png"));
        Texture burlwood = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex49/burlwood.png");
        burlwood.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex1", burlwood);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex1Scale", 64);
        Texture craters = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex49/craters.png");
        craters.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex2", craters);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex2Scale", 64);
        Texture road = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex49/road.png");
        road.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex3", road);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex3Scale", 64);
        
        // *** 1. Start (variables)
        final int IMG_SIZE = 512;
        float[] heightmap = new float[IMG_SIZE*IMG_SIZE];
        int i,j; // x,y
        final int NX = 400; // periods in x
        final int NY = 300; // and y
        float valx,valy; // x,y contributions
        // *** 1. End
        
        // *** 2. Start (valx)
        for (i = 0; i<IMG_SIZE; i++) {
            valx = 127.5f*FastMath.sin(2*PI*i/NX)+127.5f;
        // *** 2. End
            
            // *** 3. Start (valy)
            for (j = 0; j<IMG_SIZE; j++) {
                valy = 127.5f*FastMath.sin(2*PI*j/NY)+127.5f;
            // *** 3. End
                
                // *** 4. Start (heightmap)
                heightmap[i+j*IMG_SIZE] = (0.25f*valx +
                        0.75f*valy);
                // *** 4. End
            }
        }
 
        terrain = new TerrainQuad("terrain",
                129, 513, // patch + 1, height size + 1
                heightmap); // float array
        terrain.setMaterial(materialTerrain);
        terrain.setLocalScale(.1f, .1f, .1f);
        float ang = 35*FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD;
        terrain.rotate(2*ang, 0, ang);
        rootNode.attachChild(terrain);
        cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(0,0,150)); // far away
    }
    
    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleRender(RenderManager rm) {
    }
}

---

Output:

48. Terrain

A simple stepped terrain is created.

---

The terrain material is based on Terrain.j3md. This requires a few Image Textures. The Alpha gives weight of Red, Green, and Blue Textures. We also need a height map.

        // *** 1. Start (Terrain Unshaded material)
        materialTerrain = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Terrain/Terrain.j3md");
        // *** 1. End

---

This is a simple image for Alpha. The portion of terrain devoted to the three textures is about equal.

        // *** 2. Start (Alpha Texture)
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Alpha", assetManager.
                loadTexture("Textures/Ex48/redgreenblue.png"));
        // *** 2. End

---

The red texture is based on this image, based on the burlwood pattern in GIMP.

        // *** 3. Start (Red Texture)
        Texture burlwood = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/burlwood.png");
        burlwood.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex1", burlwood);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex1Scale", 64);
        // *** 3. End

---

The green texture is based on this image, based on the craters pattern in GIMP.

        // *** 4. Start (Green Texture)
        Texture craters = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/craters.png");
        craters.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex2", craters);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex2Scale", 64);
        // *** 4. End

---

The blue texture is based on this image, based on the road pattern in GIMP.

        // *** 5. Start (Blue Texture)
        Texture road = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/road.png");
        road.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex3", road);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex3Scale", 64);
        // *** 5. End

---

This is a gray-scale height map. The three regions corresponds to 0, 128, and 255, so the two steps are almost equal in size.

        // *** 6. Start (Height map)
        AbstractHeightMap heightmap = null;
        Texture heightMapImage = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/heightmap.png");
        heightmap = new ImageBasedHeightMap(
                heightMapImage.getImage());
        heightmap.load();
        // *** 6. End

---

Finally, the terrain can be added to the rootNode.

        // *** 7. Start (terrain)
        terrain = new TerrainQuad("terrain",
                129, 513, // patch + 1, height size + 1
                heightmap.getHeightMap()); // float array
        terrain.setMaterial(materialTerrain);
        terrain.setLocalScale(.1f, .1f, .1f);
        float ang = 45*FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD;
        terrain.rotate(ang, 0, ang);
        rootNode.attachChild(terrain);
        cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(0,0,150)); // far away
        // *** 7. End 

---

// JMonkey48.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.FastMath;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.renderer.RenderManager;
import com.jme3.terrain.geomipmap.TerrainQuad;
import com.jme3.terrain.heightmap.AbstractHeightMap;
import com.jme3.terrain.heightmap.ImageBasedHeightMap;
import com.jme3.texture.Texture;

public class JMonkey48 extends SimpleApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JMonkey48 app = new JMonkey48();
        app.start();
    }
    
    private TerrainQuad terrain;
    Material materialTerrain;

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.LightGray);
        setDisplayFps(false);
        setDisplayStatView(false);
        flyCam.setMoveSpeed(100); // faster camera
        
        // *** 1. Start (Terrain Unshaded material)
        materialTerrain = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Terrain/Terrain.j3md");
        // *** 1. End
        
        // *** 2. Start (Alpha Texture)
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Alpha", assetManager.
                loadTexture("Textures/Ex48/redgreenblue.png"));
        // *** 2. End
        
        // *** 3. Start (Red Texture)
        Texture burlwood = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/burlwood.png");
        burlwood.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex1", burlwood);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex1Scale", 64);
        // *** 3. End
 
        // *** 4. Start (Green Texture)
        Texture craters = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/craters.png");
        craters.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex2", craters);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex2Scale", 64);
        // *** 4. End
 
        // *** 5. Start (Blue Texture)
        Texture road = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/road.png");
        road.setWrap(Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);
        materialTerrain.setTexture("Tex3", road);
        materialTerrain.setFloat("Tex3Scale", 64);
        // *** 5. End
 
        // *** 6. Start (Height map)
        AbstractHeightMap heightmap = null;
        Texture heightMapImage = assetManager.loadTexture(
                "Textures/Ex48/heightmap.png");
        heightmap = new ImageBasedHeightMap(
                heightMapImage.getImage());
        heightmap.load();
        // *** 6. End
 
        // *** 7. Start (terrain)
        terrain = new TerrainQuad("terrain",
                129, 513, // patch + 1, height size + 1
                heightmap.getHeightMap()); // float array
        terrain.setMaterial(materialTerrain);
        terrain.setLocalScale(.1f, .1f, .1f);
        float ang = 45*FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD;
        terrain.rotate(ang, 0, ang);
        rootNode.attachChild(terrain);
        cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(0,0,150)); // far away
        // *** 7. End 
    }
    
    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleRender(RenderManager rm) {
    }
}

---

Output:

47. Vector Products

Two multiplications between vectors are dot product and cross product.

---

The example vectors are on the x-y plane, with vecA being 45 degrees below the +x axis and vecB 45 degrees above the +x axis.

        // *** 1. Start (vectors x-y, x+y, both in xy plane)
        Vector3f vecA = new Vector3f(1,-1,0); // x-y
        Vector3f vecB = new Vector3f(1,1,0); // x+y
        vecA.normalizeLocal(); // normalize them
        vecB.normalizeLocal(); // |vecA|=|vecB|=1
        // *** 1. End

---

With the dot product, we can find the angle between two vectors.

        // *** 2. Start (dot product to find ang)
        float dot = vecA.dot(vecB);
        // vecA.vecB = |vecA| |vecB| cos(AB) = cos(AB)
        float angRad = FastMath.acos(dot);
        float ang = FastMath.RAD_TO_DEG*angRad; // 90 deg
        System.out.println("vecA = " + vecA);
        System.out.println("vecB = " + vecB);
        System.out.println("dot = " + dot);
        System.out.println("ang = " + ang);
        // *** 2. End

---

With the cross product, we can find the angle between two vectors, as well as the plane normal.

        // *** 3. Start (cross product to find Ang, vecN)
        // vecN in z since vecA,vecB in x,y plane
        // direction of vecN depends on right-hand rule
        Vector3f cross = vecA.cross(vecB);
        // vecA x vecB = |vecA| |vecB| sin(AB) vecN 
        // vecA x vecB = sin(AB) vecN
        float len = cross.length();
        float angRad1 = FastMath.asin(len);
        float ang1 = FastMath.RAD_TO_DEG*angRad1; // 90 deg
        Vector3f vecN = new Vector3f(); // z
        vecN = cross.mult(1/len);
        System.out.println("cross = " + cross);
        System.out.println("ang1 = " + ang1); 
        System.out.println("vecN = " + vecN);
        // *** 3. End

---

Three arrows are drawn. Two for the two example vectors, as well as the normal to the plane, formed by the 2 example vectors.

        // *** 4. Starts (arrows for vecA, vecB, vecN)
        Arrow arrowA = new Arrow(vecA);
        arrowA.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowA = new Geometry("geoArrowA",arrowA);
        Material matArrowA = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrowA.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geoArrowA.setMaterial(matArrowA);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowA);
        Arrow arrowB = new Arrow(vecB);
        arrowB.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowB = new Geometry("geoArrowB",arrowB);
        Material matArrowB = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrowB.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        geoArrowB.setMaterial(matArrowB);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowB);
        Arrow arrowN = new Arrow(vecN);
        arrowN.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowN = new Geometry("geoArrowN",arrowN);
        Material matArrowN = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrowN.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geoArrowN.setMaterial(matArrowN);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowN);
        // *** 4. End

---

// JMonkey47.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.FastMath;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.renderer.RenderManager;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.debug.Arrow;
import com.jme3.system.AppSettings;

public class JMonkey47 extends SimpleApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        AppSettings settings = new AppSettings(true);
        settings.setFrameRate(60);
        settings.setTitle("Multiplying Vectors !");
        JMonkey47 app = new JMonkey47();
        app.setSettings(settings);
        app.start();
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        flyCam.setEnabled(false);
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.White);
        
        // *** 1. Start (vectors x-y, x+y, both in xy plane)
        Vector3f vecA = new Vector3f(1,-1,0); // x-y
        Vector3f vecB = new Vector3f(1,1,0); // x+y
        vecA.normalizeLocal(); // normalize them
        vecB.normalizeLocal(); // |vecA|=|vecB|=1
        // *** 1. End
        
        // *** 2. Start (dot product to find ang)
        float dot = vecA.dot(vecB);
        // vecA.vecB = |vecA| |vecB| cos(AB) = cos(AB)
        float angRad = FastMath.acos(dot);
        float ang = FastMath.RAD_TO_DEG*angRad; // 90 deg
        System.out.println("vecA = " + vecA);
        System.out.println("vecB = " + vecB);
        System.out.println("dot = " + dot);
        System.out.println("ang = " + ang);
        // *** 2. End
        
        // *** 3. Start (cross product to find Ang, vecN)
        // vecN in z since vecA,vecB in x,y plane
        // direction of vecN depends on right-hand rule
        Vector3f cross = vecA.cross(vecB);
        // vecA x vecB = |vecA| |vecB| sin(AB) vecN 
        // vecA x vecB = sin(AB) vecN
        float len = cross.length();
        float angRad1 = FastMath.asin(len);
        float ang1 = FastMath.RAD_TO_DEG*angRad1; // 90 deg
        Vector3f vecN = new Vector3f(); // z
        vecN = cross.mult(1/len);
        System.out.println("cross = " + cross);
        System.out.println("ang1 = " + ang1); 
        System.out.println("vecN = " + vecN);
        // *** 3. End
        
        // *** 4. Starts (arrows for vecA, vecB, vecN)
        Arrow arrowA = new Arrow(vecA);
        arrowA.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowA = new Geometry("geoArrowA",arrowA);
        Material matArrowA = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrowA.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geoArrowA.setMaterial(matArrowA);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowA);
        Arrow arrowB = new Arrow(vecB);
        arrowB.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowB = new Geometry("geoArrowB",arrowB);
        Material matArrowB = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrowB.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        geoArrowB.setMaterial(matArrowB);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowB);
        Arrow arrowN = new Arrow(vecN);
        arrowN.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowN = new Geometry("geoArrowN",arrowN);
        Material matArrowN = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrowN.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geoArrowN.setMaterial(matArrowN);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowN);
        // *** 4. End
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
        rootNode.rotate(0,tpf,0);
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleRender(RenderManager rm) {
    }
}

---

Output:

46. Translate and Rotate

A rotation needs an axis and an angle. Here we have two rotations on two sphere objects. The two are translated by 3 x-units.

---

Sphere1 is blue and shown in Wireframe so the individual faces can be seen.

        // *** 1. Start (Sphere1 attached to node1)
        Sphere sph1 = new Sphere(8, 16, 1);
        Geometry geom1 = new Geometry("Sphere1", sph1);
        Material mat1 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        mat1.getAdditionalRenderState().setWireframe(true);
        geom1.setMaterial(mat1);
        node1.attachChild(geom1);
        // *** 1. End

---

Sphere2 is green and also shown in Wireframe.

        // *** 2. Start (Sphere2 attached to node2)
        Sphere sph2 = new Sphere(8, 16, 1);
        Geometry geom2 = new Geometry("Sphere2", sph2);
        Material mat2 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        mat2.getAdditionalRenderState().setWireframe(true);
        geom2.setMaterial(mat2);
        node2.attachChild(geom2);
        // *** 2. End

---

axis1 is a red arrow at 45 degrees to +x axis in xy plane. Rotation for sphere1 is based on this axis.

        // *** 3. Start (Arrow1,+45 deg to +x axis, node1)
        Vector3f axis1 = new Vector3f(2f,2f,0f);
        Arrow arrow1 = new Arrow(axis1);
        Geometry geoArrow1 = new Geometry("geoArrow1",arrow1);
        Material matArrow1 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrow1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geoArrow1.setMaterial(matArrow1);
        node1.attachChild(geoArrow1);
        // *** 3. End

---

axis2 is -45 degree to +x axis in xy-plane. It will be used for axis of rotation for sphere2.

        // *** 4. Start (Arrow2,-45 deg to +x axis, node2)
        Vector3f axis2 = new Vector3f(2f,-2f,0f);
        Arrow arrow2 = new Arrow(axis2);
        Geometry geoArrow2 = new Geometry("geoArrow2",arrow2);
        Material matArrow2 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrow2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geoArrow2.setMaterial(matArrow2);
        node2.attachChild(geoArrow2);
        // *** 4. End

---

node2 is translated, so arrow2 and sphere2, can be clearly seen, so they are not overlapping.

        // *** 5. Start (Move node2 by 3 units right)
        node2.setLocalTranslation(3,0,0);
        // *** 5. End

---

Understanding Quaternion math is not necessary in using them. We use fromAngleAxis() and give the angle and axis.

        // *** 6. Start (Quaternions)
        quat1 = new Quaternion();
        quat1.fromAngleAxis(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD, axis1);
        quat2 = new Quaternion();
        quat2.fromAngleAxis(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD, axis2);
        // *** 6. End

---

In the simpleUpdate(), we rotate by 1 degree per frame for of two spheres.

        // *** 7. Start (Rotations (1 deg/frame) using Quaternions)
        node1.rotate(quat1);
        //node1.rotate(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,
        //FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,0); // or this
        node2.rotate(quat2);
        //node2.rotate(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,
        //-FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,0); // or this
        // *** 7. End

---

// JMonkey46.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.FastMath;
import com.jme3.math.Quaternion;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.renderer.RenderManager;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.Node;
import com.jme3.scene.debug.Arrow;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Sphere;

public class JMonkey46 extends SimpleApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JMonkey46 app = new JMonkey46();
        app.start();
    }
    
    Quaternion quat1,quat2;
    Node node1,node2;

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.White);
        flyCam.setEnabled(false);
        node1 = new Node("node1");
        node2 = new Node("node2");
        
        // *** 1. Start (Sphere1 attached to node1)
        Sphere sph1 = new Sphere(8, 16, 1);
        Geometry geom1 = new Geometry("Sphere1", sph1);
        Material mat1 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        mat1.getAdditionalRenderState().setWireframe(true);
        geom1.setMaterial(mat1);
        node1.attachChild(geom1);
        // *** 1. End
        
        // *** 2. Start (Sphere2 attached to node2)
        Sphere sph2 = new Sphere(8, 16, 1);
        Geometry geom2 = new Geometry("Sphere2", sph2);
        Material mat2 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        mat2.getAdditionalRenderState().setWireframe(true);
        geom2.setMaterial(mat2);
        node2.attachChild(geom2);
        // *** 2. End
        
        // *** 3. Start (Arrow1,+45 deg to +x axis, node1)
        Vector3f axis1 = new Vector3f(2f,2f,0f);
        Arrow arrow1 = new Arrow(axis1);
        Geometry geoArrow1 = new Geometry("geoArrow1",arrow1);
        Material matArrow1 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrow1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geoArrow1.setMaterial(matArrow1);
        node1.attachChild(geoArrow1);
        // *** 3. End
        
        // *** 4. Start (Arrow2,-45 deg to +x axis, node2)
        Vector3f axis2 = new Vector3f(2f,-2f,0f);
        Arrow arrow2 = new Arrow(axis2);
        Geometry geoArrow2 = new Geometry("geoArrow2",arrow2);
        Material matArrow2 = new Material(assetManager,
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        matArrow2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        geoArrow2.setMaterial(matArrow2);
        node2.attachChild(geoArrow2);
        // *** 4. End
        
        // *** 5. Start (Move node2 by 3 units right)
        node2.setLocalTranslation(3,0,0);
        // *** 5. End
        
        rootNode.attachChild(node1);
        rootNode.attachChild(node2);
        
        // *** 6. Start (Quaternions)
        quat1 = new Quaternion();
        quat1.fromAngleAxis(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD, axis1);
        quat2 = new Quaternion();
        quat2.fromAngleAxis(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD, axis2);
        // *** 6. End
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
        // *** 7. Start (Rotations (1 deg/frame) using Quaternions)
        node1.rotate(quat1);
        //node1.rotate(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,
        //FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,0); // or this
        node2.rotate(quat2);
        //node2.rotate(FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,
        //-FastMath.DEG_TO_RAD,0); // or this
        // *** 7. End
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleRender(RenderManager rm) {
        //TODO: add render code
    }
}

---

Output:

45. Scale

A vector multiplied by a positive number results in vector in the same direction.

---

We use this example vector, with origin located at 0,0,0.

        // *** 1. Start (vec=x+1.5y+2z) (Blue)
        Vector3f vec = new Vector3f(1.0f,1.5f,2.0f);
        Arrow arrow = new Arrow(vec);
        arrow.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrow = new Geometry("arrow",arrow);
        geoArrow.setMaterial(mat);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrow);
        // *** 1. End

---

We can use math functions to write the magnitude, and we can multiply the vector by the inverse of this number.

        // *** 2. Start (normalizing vector using math)
        float magnitude = FastMath.sqrt(
                vec.x*vec.x+vec.y*vec.y+vec.z*vec.z);
        Vector3f normMath = vec.mult(1f/magnitude);
        System.out.println("normMath = " + normMath);
        // *** 2. End

---

We could also normalize with Vector3f methods.

        // *** 3. Start (normalized vecotor) (Red)
        Vector3f vecNorm = vec.normalize();
        vec.normalizeLocal(); // In-place normalization
        System.out.print("vec = " + vec + ", vecNorm = " + vecNorm);
        Arrow arrow1 = new Arrow(vec);
        arrow1.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrow1 = new Geometry("arrowNorm",arrow1);
        geoArrow1.setMaterial(mat1);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrow1);
        // *** 3. End

---

We create an opposite direction vector from the normalized vector.

        // *** 4. Start (Opposite) (Green)
        vec.negateLocal(); // In place negation
        Arrow arrow2 = new Arrow(vec);
        arrow2.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrow2 = new Geometry("arrowNormNeg",arrow2);
        geoArrow2.setMaterial(mat2);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrow2);
        // *** 4. End

---

The three components (x,y,z) are shown. For the y and z arrows, we translate in either x or both x and y.

        // *** 5. Start (Components) (Yellow)
        Vector3f vecCopy = new Vector3f(1.0f,1.5f,2.0f);
        Vector3f vecX = new Vector3f(vecCopy.x,0,0); // only x
        Arrow arrowX = new Arrow(vecX); 
        arrowX.setLineWidth(2);
        Geometry geoArrowX = new Geometry("arrowX",arrowX);
        geoArrowX.setMaterial(mat3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowX);
        Vector3f vecY = new Vector3f(0,vecCopy.y,0); // only y
        Arrow arrowY = new Arrow(vecY);
        arrowY.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrowY = new Geometry("arrowY",arrowY);
        geoArrowY.setLocalTranslation(vecX); // displaced in x
        geoArrowY.setMaterial(mat3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowY);
        Arrow arrowZ = new Arrow(new Vector3f(0,0,vecCopy.z));
        arrowZ.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowZ = new Geometry("arrowZ",arrowZ);
        geoArrowZ.setLocalTranslation(
                new Vector3f(
                vecCopy.x,vecCopy.y,0)); // displaced in x,y
        geoArrowZ.setMaterial(mat3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowZ);
        // *** 5. End

---

// JMonkey45.java

package mygame;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.FastMath;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.renderer.RenderManager;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.debug.Arrow;

public class JMonkey45 extends SimpleApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        JMonkey45 app = new JMonkey45();
        app.start();
    }
    
    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.LightGray);
        flyCam.setEnabled(false);
        Material mat = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        Material mat1 = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat1.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Red);
        Material mat2 = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat2.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Green);
        Material mat3 = new Material(assetManager, 
                "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat3.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Yellow);
        
        // *** 1. Start (vec=x+1.5y+2z) (Blue)
        Vector3f vec = new Vector3f(1.0f,1.5f,2.0f);
        Arrow arrow = new Arrow(vec);
        arrow.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrow = new Geometry("arrow",arrow);
        geoArrow.setMaterial(mat);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrow);
        // *** 1. End
        
        // *** 2. Start (normalizing vector using math)
        float magnitude = FastMath.sqrt(
                vec.x*vec.x+vec.y*vec.y+vec.z*vec.z);
        Vector3f normMath = vec.mult(1f/magnitude);
        System.out.println("normMath = " + normMath);
        // *** 2. End
        
        // *** 3. Start (normalized vecotor) (Red)
        Vector3f vecNorm = vec.normalize();
        vec.normalizeLocal(); // In-place normalization
        System.out.print("vec = " + vec + ", vecNorm = " + vecNorm);
        Arrow arrow1 = new Arrow(vec);
        arrow1.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrow1 = new Geometry("arrowNorm",arrow1);
        geoArrow1.setMaterial(mat1);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrow1);
        // *** 3. End
        
        // *** 4. Start (Opposite) (Green)
        vec.negateLocal(); // In place negation
        Arrow arrow2 = new Arrow(vec);
        arrow2.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrow2 = new Geometry("arrowNormNeg",arrow2);
        geoArrow2.setMaterial(mat2);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrow2);
        // *** 4. End
        
        // *** 5. Start (Components) (Yellow)
        Vector3f vecCopy = new Vector3f(1.0f,1.5f,2.0f);
        Vector3f vecX = new Vector3f(vecCopy.x,0,0); // only x
        Arrow arrowX = new Arrow(vecX); 
        arrowX.setLineWidth(2);
        Geometry geoArrowX = new Geometry("arrowX",arrowX);
        geoArrowX.setMaterial(mat3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowX);
        Vector3f vecY = new Vector3f(0,vecCopy.y,0); // only y
        Arrow arrowY = new Arrow(vecY);
        arrowY.setLineWidth(3);
        Geometry geoArrowY = new Geometry("arrowY",arrowY);
        geoArrowY.setLocalTranslation(vecX); // displaced in x
        geoArrowY.setMaterial(mat3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowY);
        Arrow arrowZ = new Arrow(new Vector3f(0,0,vecCopy.z));
        arrowZ.setLineWidth(4);
        Geometry geoArrowZ = new Geometry("arrowZ",arrowZ);
        geoArrowZ.setLocalTranslation(
                new Vector3f(
                vecCopy.x,vecCopy.y,0)); // displaced in x,y
        geoArrowZ.setMaterial(mat3);
        rootNode.attachChild(geoArrowZ);
        // *** 5. End
    }

    @Override
    public void simpleUpdate(float tpf) {
        rootNode.rotate(tpf,tpf,tpf);
     }

    @Override
    public void simpleRender(RenderManager rm) {
    }
}

---

Output: